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Article History

Received: 25 March 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Competing interests

: L.E. reports research grant support (to their institution) from Novartis and Clarity Pharma; consulting fees for lectures or advisory boards from Astellas, Advancell, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Clarity, Novartis, Advancell and Telix in the past 5 years; and philanthropic grant support from the Prostate Cancer Foundation, St Vincent’s Clinic Research Foundation and Curran Foundation. S. Sandhu, reports grants from Novartis/AAA, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Genentech, Pfizer, Amgen and Senhwa to their institution; and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb and AstraZeneca to their institution, outside the submitted work. M.S.H. reports grants and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from the Prostate Cancer Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHRMC), Movember, US Department of Defense, Medical Research Future Fund, Bayer, Peter MacCallum Foundation, Isotopia and the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation; consulting fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novartis; honoraria from Janssen, Novartis, AstraZeneca and Astellas; support for meetings from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Janssen, AstraZeneca and Astellas; leadership or fiduciary role in other board from Australian Friends of Sheba; and other financial or non-financial interests from Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the University of Melbourne. D.P. reports personal fees from Ipsen and Eisai, all outside the submitted work. R.J.F. reports institution funding and consulting fees from AIQ Solutions, outside the submitted work; and committee involvement in the Australasian Radiopharmaceutical Trials Network (unpaid). M.R.S. reports grants to his institution from the Australian NHMRC, Cancer Australia, Astellas, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bionomics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Medivation, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi and Tilray, all outside the submitted work. I.D.D. reports grants from the NHMRC, during the conduct of the study; and institutional payments to support prostate cancer trials from Pfizer, ANZUP Cancer Trials Group, Bayer, Astellas, Janssen, Movember Foundation and Merck Sharp & Dohme, outside the submitted work. I.D.D. is unremunerated Chair of the ANZUP Cancer Trials Group and is supported in part by an Australian NHMRC Investigator Grant (grant number 2016274). A.M.J. reports consulting or advisory roles (to their institution) from Janssen Oncology, Pfizer and Astellas Pharma; and research funding (to their institution) from Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen Oncology, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mayne Pharma, Roche/Genentech, Bayer, Lilly, Pfizer and AstraZeneca. A.W. declares consulting fees from MSD, Eisai, Bristol Myers Squibb and Astellas; honoraria from Eisai and MSD; and participation on an advisory board from Loxo-Lilly, MSD and Astellas. D.P. declares support for travel from Astellas and participation on an advisory board from Astellas. The other authors declare no competing interests.