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Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 1 May 2026

Competing interests

: The following competing interests are declared. I.M.: Grants from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, AstraZeneca, BMS and Genmab; honoraria from Curon, Pharmamark, Pioneering Medicines, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, AstraZeneca, BMS, Genmab, Pierre Fabre, F-Star, Merus, Alligator Bioscience AB and Bright Peaks. B.R.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. C.R.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. A.E.: Employed at Roche Diagnostics Deutschland; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. N.A.K.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. C.W.: Employed at Roche (China) Holding; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. M.H.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. G.K.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. N.R.: Employed at Roche Diagnostics GmbH Deutschland; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. P.C.S.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. S.B.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. N.K.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. A.T.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. D.J.V.: Employed at Amsterdam University Medical Center. V.M.: Employed at START; consultancy with AbbVie, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Bayer, BMS, Janssen, Syneos, Affimed, AstraZeneca, Merck and Ellipses Pharma; principal investigator for AbbVie; institutional funding from AbbVie, Achilles, Adaptimmune, ADC Therapeutics, Ascendis Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bicycle Tx, Bioinvent, Biomea Fusion, BioNTech SE, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, C4 Therapeutics, Calico Life Sciences LLC, Celgene, Constellation, Crescendo Biologics, Cullinan, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm, Dragonfly, Enliven Therapeutics, Epizyme, Exelixis, FameWave, F-Star Beta Limited, Genentech, Genmab, Gilead, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, GSK, Hexal AG/Sandoz, HiFiBiO, Hookipa Biotech, Hutchmed, IGM Biosciences, ImCheck Therapeutics, Immunocore, Immutep, Incyte, IOmx Therapeutics, Iovance, Italfarmaco, Iteos, Janssen, Light Chain Bioscience, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Merus, Miltenyi Biomedicine, Monta Biosciences, MSD, Mythic Therapeutics, Ningbo Newbay, Novartis, Oxford BioTherapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, PMV Pharma, Prelude Therapeutics Inc, Pyxis Oncology, Regeneron, Relay Therapeutics, Repare Therapeutics, Revolution, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Schrödinger, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seagen, Shattuck, Synthorx, Takeda, Tango Therapeutics, Tesaro, Totus Medicines, Turning Point Therapeutics and Vividion Therapeutics. J.L.B.: Consultancy with Daiichi Sankyo and Novartis. E.C.A.: Honoraria from GSK, Pfizer, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, BMS, Gilead, PI Roche, BMS, AstraZeneca, EISAI, Italfarmaco, IO Biotech, Iovance and MSD. I.S.: Institutional research grants from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CDR-Life, Genentech, Incyte, MSD, Orion, Pfizer and Puma Biotechnology; honoraria from AstraZeneca; support for travel, accommodation and congress registration from AstraZeneca and Incyte. J.S.: Stock ownership at Epsilogen and co-founder of Avacta; board membership with Apobec, Discovery; reimbursement to their institution (for recruitment to clinical trials) from Achilles, Gilead, GSK, IO Biotech, MSD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, RS Oncology and Starpharma; reimbursement to their institution for advisory roles from Apobec, Discovery, Avacta, AstraZeneca, BioNTech, BMS and F. Hoffmann-La Roche. F.T.: Speaker/consultancy/advisory with GSK, BMS, T-knife Therapeutics, Immatics, Scenic Biotec, F-Star, Kite, Leucid, CytomX, Grey Wolf and AstraZeneca; research income from GSK and Novartis. D-Y.O.: Research funding from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Array, Eli Lilly, Servier, BeiGene, MSD and Handon; advisory committees with AstraZeneca, Novartis, Genentech/F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck Serono, Bayer, Taiho, ASLAN, Halozyme, Zymeworks, BMS/Celgene, BeiGene, Basilea, Turning Point, Yuhan, Arcus Biosciences, IQVIA, MSD, LG Chem, Astellas, AbbVie, J-Pharma, Mirati Therapeutics, Eutilex, Moderna, Idience, Alligator Bioscience AB and Hana Pharm. A.H.: Consulting fees from Amgen, Sanofi, BMS, Basilea, Incyte, Servier, Relay Therapeutics, Taiho and MSD; honoraria from Incyte, Servier and Seagen; meeting attendance support from Pierre Fabre; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory Board for Basilea, QED Therapeutics, Taiho, Relay Therapeutics and MSD. O.C.: Employed at F. Hoffmann-La Roche.; stock ownership at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. S.N.S.: Research funding from MSD & Verastem; advisory committees for Duke St Bio, Ellipses, Exscientia, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, Medannex, MSD and F. Hoffmann-La Roche. The other authors declare no competing interests.