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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Competing interests

: F.O., F.D. and G.A. are listed as co-inventors on a patent with claims covering the PCF-SELECT methodology published 15 December 2022 (WO2022/25897). F.O., O.V., D.W., F.D. and G.A. have a second patent being considered with relevance to the submitted work (PCT/GB2025/051141). A.J. reports travel support from Bayer, Novartis and Merck and honoraria from Bayer. A.H.M. reports personal fees and travel support from Janssen and BMS. R.J. reports speaker and consultancy honoraria from Accord, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Johnson and Johnson, Merck Serono and MSD. E.P. reports consulting fees from Janssen, AstraZeneca, Typharm and Merck Sharp & Dohme; financial support from Bayer; and nonfinancial support from Amgen, Janssen and Astellas. M.L. reports travel support from BMS. U.M. reports travel support from Janssen Oncology. J.S. reports a relationship with Teleflex that includes consulting or advisory; Novartis that includes consulting or advisory; Johnson and Johnson that includes speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement; Amgen that includes consulting or advisory; and AstraZeneca that includes lecture fees and travel reimbursement. S.J.C. reports personal fees for speaking and/or advisory work from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche. He has received research support for clinical trials from AstraZeneca, Veracyte and Roche. He has received support for scientific meeting attendance from Bayer, BMS, Janssen, Merck and Novartis. A.B. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Merck, Roche, Macrogenics, Bayer and Accord; speaker fees from Accord, Bayer, Roche, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson; and travel support or registration at conferences from Johnson & Johnson and Bayer. G.A. reports personal fees, grants and travel support from Janssen, Novartis and Astellas Pharma during the conduct of the study; personal fees or travel support from Pfizer, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Arvinas, Propella, Orion, Amgen, Merck, MSD and Sanofi-Aventis, outside the submitted work. In addition, G.A.’s former employer, The Institute of Cancer Research, receives royalty income from abiraterone and G.A. receives a share of this income through the Institute’s Rewards to Discoverers Scheme. G.A.’s current employer (UCL) receives clinical trial costs from Novartis, Janssen, Astellas and Pfizer; licensing fees from Artera and Veracyte; equipment from Agilent; and holds the patent for ‘Blood-based methylation markers’ (GB1915469.9). The other authors declare no competing interests.