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Article History

Received: 23 April 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Competing interests

: P.S. has received research grants from Astellas Pharma (institution), AstraZeneca (institution), Roche/Genentech, Medivation (institution), Novartis and OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals (institution), consultant fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eisai, Roche, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer and Puma Biotechnology and data and safety monitoring fees from Novartis. S.-A.I. has received research grants from AstraZeneca (institution), Boryung Corporation (institution), Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company (institution), Daiichi Sankyo Company (institution), Eisai Korea (institution), F. Hoffmann-La Roche (institution) and Pfizer (institution) and consultant fees from AstraZeneca, Bertis, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Eisai, Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Idience Co. Ltd Consultant, MSD Korea, Novartis and Pfizer. Z.N. has received travel expenses from Roche and research grants from Roche (institution). P.J.W. has received consulting fees from, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Immunicom, Merck, Astellas, Janssen and Ipsen, honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Immunicom, Pfizer, Merck, Astellas, Janssen and Ipsen and travel expenses from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca and Pierre Fabre. J.J. has received consultant fees from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, MSD and Bristol-Myers Squibb, honoraria from AstraZeneca, Roche (not compensated) and Pfizer and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Roche and Pfizer. K.H.J. has received consultant fees from AstraZeneca, BIXINK, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Everest Medicines, Gilead Sciences, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. S.L. has received research funding from CRUK (institution and personal), Boehringer Ingelheim (institution), Piqur Therapeutics (institution), AstraZeneca (institution), Carrick Therapeutics (institution), Sanofi (institution), Merck KGaA (institution), Synthon (institution), Roche (institution), NIHR (institution and personal), Against Breast Cancer (institution and personal) and Pathios Therapeutics (institution and personal), consultant fees from Sanofi, GLG consulting, Rejuversen, Oxford Biodynamics and Exscientia, honoraria from Eisai, Prosigna, Roche, Pfizer, Novartis and Sanofi, travel expenses from Pfizer, Roche, Synthon and Piqur Therapeutics and advisory board fees from Shionogi, Sanofi and Exscientia and has stock or stock options in Mitox Therapeutics. J.A. has stock or stock options and employment with AstraZeneca. R.S. has stock or stock options and employment with AstraZeneca. P.V. has stock or stock options and employment with AstraZeneca. N.D. has stock or stock options and employment with AstraZeneca. Y.H.P. has received research grants from AstraZeneca (institution), Merck (institution) and Pfizer (institution) and consultant fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Lilly, Menarini, Helsinn, Novartis and Pfizer.