Naghavi Zadeh, Mohammad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-8465
Patel, Kapil D.
Gosden, Daniel
Smith, James A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3136-1186
Gates, Paul J.
Qi, Qiukai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8720-6391
Scarpa, Fabrizio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5470-4834
Conn, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-4200
Perriman, Adam W.
Rossiter, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-9987
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/T020792/1, EP/L015293/1, EP/V026518/1, EP/S026096/1, EP/R02961X/1)
Royal Academy of Engineering (CIET1718/22)
Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.