Kalsar, Rajib https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6977-9743
Schuessler, Benjamin J.
Li, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2688-1243
Wang, Tianhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7151-2658
Darsell, Jens T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-0156
Ma, Xiaolong
Soulami, Ayoub
Herling, Darrell R.
Lavender, Curt A.
Joshi, Vineet V.
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office
Article History
Received: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 20 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.