Liu, Yinghang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6882-7094
McElroy, Tanner O.
Xia, Chang
Wazeer, Adil
Jacobson, Maxwell
Xue, Yexiang
Lin, Guang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0976-1987
Graening, Tim
Yu, Xiao-Ying
Wang, Haiyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-1209
Zhang, Xinghang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-8667
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | SC | Fusion Energy Sciences (DE-SC0024583)
DOE | LDRD | Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DE-AC05-00OR22725)
Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.