Sangat, Sushma Shrestha https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4410-5480
Rosero, Martha
Olsson, Erik
Nowakowski, A. Justin
Drescher-Lehman, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9530-6275
Roehrdanz, Patrick R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4047-5011
Noon, Monica L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7191-5182
McManus, Nickolas https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4520-2007
Perz, Stephen G.
Angel, Marcela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-3987
Krieger, Joana M.
Brock, Cameryn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-6389
Coutinho, Bruno https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2146-5774
Martinez, Christian
Douglas, Leo R.
Bernard, Curtis
Trustfull, Loes
Raik, Daniela
Troëng, Sebastian
Alie, Kelvin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Conservation International
Article History
Received: 26 September 2024
Accepted: 28 April 2025
First Online: 22 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study included collaboration and co-creation with researchers from the four countries of focus in all stages of the research process. All collaborators fulfilling the criteria for authorships required by Nature are included as authors of this study. The research and its findings are locally relevant and have been determined in collaboration with local researchers, some of whom self-identify as Afro-descendants. Roles and responsibilities were discussed before the research commenced. Local and regional research relevant to our study was taken into account in our citations.