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Battery electric vehicles show the lowest carbon footprints among passenger cars across 1.5–3.0 °C energy decarbonisation pathways

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02447-2

Published Online: 2025-06-18

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Šimaitis, Joris

Lupton, Rick https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-3085
Vagg, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-8664
Butnar, Isabela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9908-220X
Sacchi, Romain https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1440-0905
Allen, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0148-6466
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-06-18

Version of Record valid from 2025-06-18
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Article History

Received: 14 November 2024

Accepted: 5 June 2025

First Online: 18 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.