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Authors
Chen, Zihua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-5271
Gao, Qian
Wu, Yajing https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9604-1749
Li, Jiaxin
Li, Xiaowei
Li, Xiao
Wang, Zhenbo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5342-0613
Cui, Haiyang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-8518
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science (24BMZ054)
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2025
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 5 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conceived, designed and carried out entirely by the authors, all of whom are affiliated with Chinese research institutions. The work relied exclusively on publicly available global datasets (Copernicus ERA5 climate reanalysis, the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List, and open building-footprint data) and involved no fieldwork, human participants, animals or export of biological or cultural material; therefore local ethics-review approval and benefit-sharing agreements were not required. All contributors who satisfied the authorship criteria are listed as authors, and their roles were agreed upon before analysis began; no additional contributors need acknowledgement. The research questions and interpretations were discussed with colleagues at the data-providing institutes to ensure local and global relevance. To support capacity-building in other regions, all code and derived datasets are publicly deposited on Figshare.
