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Article History

Received: 31 October 2024

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Authorship statement

: All listed authors have agreed to all manuscript contents, the author list and its order, and the author contribution statements. We confirm that this manuscript complies with the Nature Portfolio Authorship Policy. We confirm that the author list of this manuscript does not include any Large Language Models (LLMs).

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Participants were informed about the evaluation process and how their data would be handled. All participants authorized their data to be used for scientific publications. All authors also approved the publication of their article in its present form.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants gave written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Department of Psychology of Sun Yat-sen University Ethics Committee.