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Uneven participation of independent and contract smallholders in certified palm oil mill markets in Indonesia

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02683-6

Published Online: 2025-08-30

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Ekaputri, Andini Desita https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3074-4452
Gaveau, David L. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2671-2113
Heilmayr, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8980-9639
Carlson, Kimberly M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-1378
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-30

Version of Record valid from 2025-08-30
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Article History

Received: 6 September 2024

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 30 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.