Luo, Kunwen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-728X
Su, Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-989X
Liu, Shan
Lei, Yaping
Ng, Zhi Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-2133
Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Shan Liu is an Editorial Board Member for Communications Earth & Environment , but was not involved in the editorial review of, nor the decision to publish this article.