Gössling, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-9207
Klöwer, Milan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-4356
Leitão, Jorge Cardoso https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-9242
Hirsch, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8187-8242
Brockhagen, Dietrich
Humpe, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8663-3201
Article History
Received: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. S Hirsch and D Brockenhagen are affiliated with atmosfair, a carbon offsetting non-profit organization, and provided the data and emission model but did not design the study or contribute to writing the manuscript.