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Seok, Min-Woo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7173-8323

Li, Longlei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2107-8459

Doney, Scott C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3683-2437

Kim, Tae-Wook https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4236-0720

Mahowald, Natalie M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-997X

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00337227)

National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2022-NR068504)

National Research Foundation of Korea (BK21 FOUR program (Grant No. 4120200313708))

OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University

National Science Foundation (the Center for Chemical Currencies of a Microbial Planet (C-CoMP; NSF Award # 2019589))

National Science Foundation (Grant No. DGE-2345579)

U.S. Department of Energy (Grant No. DE-SC0021302)

the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source InvesTigation (EMIT) NASA Earth Ventures-Instrument (EVI-4) Mission

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-05-22

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-05-22