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Article History

Received: 29 October 2020

Accepted: 6 July 2021

First Online: 12 August 2021

Competing interests

: K.R. has asserted copyright of the Clinical Frailty Scale through Dalhousie University’s Industry, Liaison and Innovation Office. Use is free for education, research and not-for-profit health care. Users agree not to change or commercialize the scale. In addition to academic and hospital appointments, K.R. is cofounder of Ardea Outcomes, which (as DGI Clinical) in the last 3 years has contracts with pharma and device manufacturers (Biogen, Hollister, Novartis, Nutricia, Roche and Takeda) on individualized outcome measurement. In 2019, K.R. was paid an honorarium for an interview with Biogen. In 2020, he attended an advisory board meeting with Nutricia on dementia, and chaired a scientific workshop and technical review panel on frailty for the Singapore National Research Foundation. Otherwise, any personal fees were for invited guest lectures, rounds and academic symposia, received directly from event organizers, for presentations on frailty. K.R. is associate director of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging, which is funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, the Alzheimer Society of Canada and several other charities. S.E.H. has a paid consulting role with Ardea Outcomes. A.D.R. has no competing interests to declare.

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