Document is current

Article History

First Online: 22 September 2025

Competing interests

: Independent of this work, H.H.F. discloses grant funding from Allyx Pharmaceuticals, Vivoryon (Probiodrug), Biohaven Pharmaceuticals and LuMind Foundation; service agreements for consulting activities with LuMind Foundation, Axon Neuroscience, Novo Nordisk, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Biosplice Therapeutics, Roche/Genentech Pharmaceuticals (DMC/DSMB), Tau Consortium (SAB) and Janssen Research & Development (DSMB); support for travel from Novo Nordisk, Royal Society of Canada, Translating Research in Elder Care (TREC), Association for Frontotemporal Dementia (AFTD) and Rainwater Charitable Foundation; and a philanthropic donation for the Epstein Family Alzheimer Research Collaboration. For these activities, no personal funds have been received with all payments to UC San Diego. H.H.F. personally receives royalties for patent: Feldman HH (filed November 26, 2008). Detecting and Treating Dementia Serial Number 12/3-2691 US Patent No. PCT/US2007/07008. Washington, DC: US Patent and Trademark Office. N.V. received research support from Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller, Fondation Servier, Union Nationale pour les Intérêts de la Médecine (UNIM), Fondation Claude Pompidou, Fondation Alzheimer, Banque Publique d’Investissement, Lion’s Club Alzheimer and Fondation pour la Recherche sur l’Alzheimer; travel grants from the Movement Disorders Society, Merz-Pharma, UCB Pharma, and GE Healthcare SAS; is an unpaid local principal investigator or subinvestigator in NCT05531526 (AR1001, AriBio), NCT06079190 (AL101, GSK), NCT04241068 and NCT05310071 (aducanumab, Biogen), NCT05399888 (BIIB080, Biogen), NCT03352557 (gosuranemab, Biogen), NCT04592341 (gantenerumab, Roche), NCT03887455 (lecanemab, Eisai), NCT03828747 and NCT03289143 (semorinemab, Roche), NCT04619420 (JNJ-63733657, Janssen – Johnson & Johnson), NCT04374136 (AL001, Alector), NCT04592874 (AL002, Alector), NCT04867616 (bepranemab, UCB Pharma), NCT04777396 and NCT04777409 (semaglutide, Novo Nordisk), and NCT05469360 (NIO752, Novartis); has given unpaid lectures in symposia organized by Eisai and the Servier Foundation; and has been an unpaid expert for Janssen – Johnson & Johnson, Eli-Lilly. G.B.F. has received funding through the Private Foundation of Geneva University Hospitals from: A.P.R.A. – Association Suisse pour la Recherche sur la Maladie d’Alzheimer, Genève; Fondation Segré, Genève; Ivan Pictet, Genève; Race Against Dementia Foundation, London, UK; Fondation Child Care, Genève; Fondation Edmond J. Safra, Genève; Fondation Minkoff, Genève; Fondazione Agusta, Lugano; McCall Macbain Foundation, Canada; Nicole et René Keller, Genève; Fondation AETAS, Genève; has received funding through the University of Geneva or Geneva University Hospitals: for IISSs from ROCHE Pharmaceuticals OM Pharma EISAI Pharmaceuticals Biogen Pharmaceuticals and Novo Nordisk; has received funding for competitive research projects from: H2020, Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), IMI2, Swiss National Science Foundation, and VELUX Foundation; has received consulting fees from: Biogen, Diadem, Roche; and has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from: Biogen, Roche, Novo Nordisk, GE HealthCare. B.D. received research support from for his institution from Fondation Merck-Avenir, Fondation des Gueules Cassées, Fondation Recherche Alzheimer, Lions Club Alzheimer and Roche. B.D. received consulting fees from Qynapse, Biogen, ABscience and Janssen.