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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Competing interests

: A.C.P. is supported by the NIH, SPARK-NS, the Parker Family Chair and the Lipman Fund. She has received consulting fees for serving on the scientific advisory board of Novartis Neuroscience. She receives royalties as an inventor of a patent held by the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia on therapies to treat frontotemporal dementia. As of 11 January 2025, W.M.v.d.F. is executive director at Alzheimer Nederland in Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Before 1 November 2025, research programs of W.M.v.d.F. were funded by ZonMW, NWO, EU-JPND, EU-IHI, Alzheimer Nederland, Hersenstichting CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health~Holland (Topsector Life Sciences & Health), Stichting Dioraphte, the Noaber Foundation, Pieter Houbolt Fonds, Gieskes-Strijbis Fonds, Stichting Equilibrio, Edwin Bouw Fonds, Pasman Stichting, Philips, Biogen, Novartis NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Eli Lilly NL, Fujifilm, Eisai and Combinostics. W.M.v.d.F. is a recipient of ABOARD, which is a public−private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (no. 73305095007) and Health~Holland (Topsector Life Sciences & Health) (PPP allowance; no. LSHM20106). Before 11 January 2025, W.M.v.d.F. was an invited speaker at Biogen, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), Novo Nordisk, Springer Healthcare and the European Brain Council. W.M.v.d.F. has been a consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, Biogen, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Owkin France and Nationale Nederlanden Ventures. W.M.v.d.F. has participated in advisory boards of Biogen, Roche and Eli Lilly. All funding is paid to her institution. In 2024−2025, W.M.v.d.F. was a member of the steering committee of the phase 3 EVOKE/EVOKE+ studies (Novo Nordisk). In 2025, W.M.v.d.F. was a member of the steering committee of the phase 3 trontinemab study (Roche). All funding has been paid to Amsterdam UMC. In 2020−2021, W.M.v.d.F. was an associate editor of Alzheimer ʼs Research & Therapy . In 2021−2025, W.M.v.d.F. was an associate editor of Brain . W.M.v.d.F. is chair of the Scientific Leadership Group of InRAD. W.M.v.d.F. is a member of the Supervisory Board (Raad van Toezicht) of the Trimbos Instituut. S.T. served on advisory boards of Eli Lilly, Eisai and GE Healthcare. He was member of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board of the ENVISION study (Biogen). K.B. has received payment or honoraria for lectures from Eisai and was supported for attending meetings by Eli Lilly Deutschland and Novo Nordisk. J.W. has received consulting fees from Immunogenetics, Noselab and Roboscreen; has received payment or honoraria for lectures from Beeijing Yibai Science and Technology, Gloryren, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Med Update GmbH, Roche Pharma and Eli Lilly; is on the advisory board of Biogen, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Roche; and has a fiduciary role with the Working Group for Neuropsychopharmacology and Pharmacopsychiatry (AGNP), the German Society for CSF Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry (DGLN), the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN), Deutsche Hirnliga and the CSF Society. M.C. has been an invited speaker at Eisai and Novo Nordisk and has been an invited writer for Springer Healthcare. She is an associate editor at Alzheimer ʼs Research & Therapy and a scientific advisor of the Michael J. Fox Foundation. C.E.T. has research contracts with Acumen, ADx Neurosciences, AC-Immune, Alamar, Aribio, Axon Neurosciences, Beckman Coulter, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, C2N Diagnostics, Celgene, Cognition Therapeutics, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Muna, Nitrase Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Olink, PeopleBio, Quanterix, Roche, Sysmex, Toyama, Vaccinex and Vivoryon. She is editor-in-chief of Alzheimer ʼs Research & Therapy ; serves on the editorial boards of Molecular Neurodegeneration , Alzheimer’s & Dementia , Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation and Medidact Neurologie/Springer; and is a committee member to define guidelines for cognitive disturbances and one for acute neurology in The Netherlands. She has consultancy/speaker contracts with Aribio, Biogen, Beckman Coulter, Cognition Therapeutics, Danaher, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Neurogen Biomarking, Nordic Biosciences, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Olink, Quanterix, Roche, Sanofi and Veravas. D.J.I. receives research funding from the NIH, the Michael J. Fox Foundation and the Lewy Body Dementia Association and research funding paid to the institution for clinical trials by Alector, Cervo Med, Denali, Passage Bio and Prevail. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.