Lee, David E.
McKay, Lauren K.
Bareja, Akshay
Yang, JiaCheng
He, Wentao
Hill, Demitrius A.
Bain, James R.
Kuang, Shihuan
Zhang, Guo-Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-5864
Newgard, Christopher B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-691X
White, James P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-0806
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R21AG065943)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (K01ag088232)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30AG028716)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007057)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK124723)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK124723)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK132819)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (K08DE031029)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (DK046092)
Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: C.B.N. is a paid consultant for Eli Lilly, Axcella Health, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sigilon, which were not involved and have no competing interest in the research described in this paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.