Ahmad, Shahzad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-3790
Wu, Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-3380
Arnold, Matthias https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4666-0923
Hankemeier, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7871-2073
Ghanbari, Mohsen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-7143
Roshchupkin, Gennady
Uitterlinden, André G.
Borkowski, Kamil
Neitzel, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-466X
Kraaij, Robert
,
van Duijn, Cornelia M.
van Duijn, Cornelia M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-9204
Ikram, M. Arfan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-8585
Kaddurah-Daouk, Rima https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1858-5732
Kastenmüller, Gabi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2368-7322
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U19AG063744)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG058942)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG059093)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U01AG061359)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG057452)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U19AG063744)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG058942)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U19AG063744)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG058942)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG059093)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG057452)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG046171)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (RF1AG051550)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U01AG061359)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (536691227)
Alzheimer Nederland
ZonMw (#733050814)
DH | National Institute for Health Research
Oxford-GSK Institute of Molecular and Computational Medicine
FNIH #DAOU16AMPA
Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 24 June 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: R.K.-D., G.K. and M.A. are inventors on a series of patents on the use of metabolomics for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases and hold equity in Chymia LLC. R.K.-D. also holds equity in Metabolon Inc. and Metabosensor. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.