Wang, Haibao https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9031-8412
Ho, Jun Kai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9474-3427
Cheng, Fan L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-2406
Aoki, Shuntaro C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-8098
Muraki, Yusuke
Tanaka, Misato https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5633-5630
Park, Jong-Yun https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7013-2098
Kamitani, Yukiyasu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9300-8268
Funding for this research was provided by:
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI grants JP20H05705 and JP20H05954 to Y.K., KAKENHI grants JP20H05705 and JP20H05954 to Y.K.)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant JP24wm0625409 to Y.K., grant JP24wm0625409 to Y.K.)
MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (CREST grants JPMJCR18A5 and JPMJCR22P3 to Y.K., CREST grants JPMJCR18A5 and JPMJCR22P3 to Y.K.)
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (grant JPNP20006 to Y.K., grant JPNP20006 to Y.K.)
Guardian Robot Project, RIKEN
Article History
Received: 9 August 2024
Accepted: 27 May 2025
First Online: 11 July 2025
Competing interests
: Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR) and Honda Motor Company hold a patent (no. US9020586B2), which covers the foundational concept of neural code conversion; Y.K. is one of the inventors of this patent.