Zhou, Hengyun
Cain, Madelyn
Lukin, Mikhail D.
Funding for this research was provided by:
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (W911NF-23-2-0219)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (W911NF-23-2-0219)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (W911NF-23-2-0219)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-24-9-0359)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-24-9-0359)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-24-9-0359)
Wellcome Leap Quantum for Bio program
National Science Foundation (PHY-1734011)
National Science Foundation (CCF-2313084)
National Science Foundation (PHY-1734011)
National Science Foundation (PHY-2012023)
National Science Foundation (CCF-2313084)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
U.S. Department of Energy (7568717)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
U.S. Department of Energy (7568717)
Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 25 September 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Competing interests
: M.D.L. is a co-founder and shareholder and H.Z. is an employee of QuEra Computing.