Zhou, Zixia
Liu, Junyan
Wu, Wei Emma
Fang, Ruogu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-3532
Liu, Sheng
Wei, Qingyue
Yan, Rui
Guo, Yi
Tao, Qian
Wang, Yuanyuan
Islam, Md Tauhidul https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-632X
Xing, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-5359
Funding for this research was provided by:
2024 Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI) seed grant
Article History
Received: 9 September 2024
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.