Pan, Elton https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0629-8429
Kwon, Soonhyoung
Liu, Sulin
Xie, Mingrou https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1564-586X
Hoffman, Alexander J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-9297
Duan, Yifei
Prein, Thorben
Sheriff, Killian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-2948
Roman-Leshkov, Yuriy
Moliner, Manuel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-716X
Gomez-Bombarelli, Rafael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-8599
Olivetti, Elsa A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8043-2385
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (1922090, 1922311, 1922372)
National Science Foundation (1922090, 1922311, 1922372)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-20-1-2280)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-20-1-2280)
Exxon Mobil Corporation (-)
Exxon Mobil Corporation (-)
Exxon Mobil Corporation (-)
Kwanjeong Educational Foundation (-)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research
Generalitat Valenciana (CIPROM/2023/34)
Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 2 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.