Guo, Liangxuan https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7860-1105
Chen, Haoyang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3156-1771
Chen, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-9812
Bi, Yanchao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-3372
Article History
Received: 24 May 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Competing interests
: The Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences holds a granted Chinese patent (Patent No. ZL 2023 1 0103748.3) covering the concept generation process of the CATS Net described in this paper (invented by Y.C. and S.Y.).