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Article History

Received: 7 October 2022

Accepted: 7 December 2022

First Online: 3 January 2023

Competing interests

: J.M.S. reports consultancy for Apollo Endosurgery, Albireo Pharma Inc, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Heel GmbH, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen, Inventiva Pharma, Julius Clinical, Madrigal, MSD, Nordic Bioscience, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Shinogi, Siemens Healthcare GmbH and Summit Clinical Research; research funding from Gilead Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, Nordic Bioscience and Siemens Healthcare GmbH; and speaker honorarium from MedPublico GmbH and Boehringer Ingelheim, all outside of the submitted work. A.M.A. has received research support from Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Target Pharma and is a consultant for Novo Nordisk and Pfizer, all outside of the submitted work. K.C. has received research support towards the University of Florida as principal investigator from Echosens, Inventiva, Novo Nordisk, Poxel, Labcorp and Zydus and is a consultant for Arrowhead, AstraZeneca, 89Bio, BMS, Lilly, Madrigal, Novo Nordisk, Quest, Sagimet, Sonic Incytes and Terns, all outside of the submitted work. J.F.D. reports grants to his institution from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences and MSD and personal fees from AbbVie, CEPHEID, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Janssen, Intelligent Ultrasound ltd and MSD, all outside of the submitted work. C.C. received consultant fees from Gilead, NovoNordisk, AstraZeneca, Bayer and Lilly and received grant support from Gilead, all outside of the submitted work. S.M.F. holds a senior clinical investigator fellowship from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) (1802154N); his institution has received grants from Astellas, Falk Pharma, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, GlympsBio, Janssens Pharmaceutica, Inventiva, Merck Sharp & Dome, Pfizer and Roche, all outside of the submitted work. S.M.F. has acted as consultant for AbbVie, Actelion, Aelin Therapeutics, AgomAb, Aligos Therapeutics, Allergan, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristoll-Meyers Squibb, CSL Behring, Coherus, Echosens, Eisai, Enyo, Galapagos, Galmed, Genetech, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Inventiva, Janssens Pharmaceutica, Julius Clinical, Madrigal, Medimmune, Merck Sharp & Dome, NGM Bio, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Promethera and Roche; he has also been lecturer for AbbVie, Allergan, Bayer, Eisai, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, Janssens Cilag, Intercept, Inventiva, Merck Sharp & Dome, Novo Nordisk and Promethera, all outside of the submitted work. N.A. has been on the advisory board for Gilead and Allergan; he is on the speaker’s bureau for Intercept and Gilead, all outside of the submitted work. J.V.L. reports grants to his institution from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences and MSD and personal fees from AbbVie, CEPHEID, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Genfit, Intercept, Janssen, MSD and ViiV, all outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.