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Article History

Received: 27 October 2023

Accepted: 25 June 2024

First Online: 16 July 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: <b>FT</b> lab’ work has been supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, Ta434/8-1, CRC/TR 362) and research grants from Gilead, Allergan, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Inventiva. <b>QMA</b> is coordinator of the EU IMI-2 LITMUS consortium, which is funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme and EFPIA. This multistakeholder consortium includes industry partners. QMA has received research grant funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; has served as a consultant on behalf of Newcastle University for Alimentiv, Akero, AstraZeneca, Axcella, 89bio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galmed, Genfit, Genentech, Gilead, GSK, Hanmi, HistoIndex, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Inventiva, Ionis, IQVIA, Janssen, Madrigal, Medpace, Merck, NGM Bio, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PathAI, Pfizer, Poxel, Resolution Therapeutics, Roche, Ridgeline Therapeutics, RTI, Shionogi, and Terns; has served as a speaker for Fishawack, Integritas Communications, Kenes, Novo Nordisk, Madrigal, Medscape, and Springer Healthcare; and receives royalties from Elsevier Ltd. <b>NAdP</b> works for Janssen. <b>MSK</b> is an employee of and a shareholder in Novo Nordisk A/S. <b>JRE</b> has received speaking fees from Gilead. <b>JG</b> has received consulting fees from Boehringer- Ingelheim, speaking fees from Echosens and travel expenses from Gilead and Abbie. Funds from ISCIII PI18/00947 and PI21/00691. <b>VR</b> consults for and Intercept, Novo Nordisk, Galmed, Poxel, NGM, Madrigal, Enyo, Sagimet, 89 Bio, Prosciento, Terns, and Theratechnologies, and received grants from Intercept and Gilead. <b>JMP</b> reports having received consulting fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, MSD and Novo Nordisk. He has received speaking fees from Gilead, Intercept, and Novo Nordisk, and travel expenses from Gilead, Rubió, Pfizer, Astellas, MSD, CUBICIN, and Novo Nordisk. He has received educational and research support from Madrigal, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas, Accelerate, Novartis, Abbvie, ViiV, and MSD. Funds from European Commission/EFPIA IMI2 853966-2, IMI2 777377, H2020 847989, and ISCIII PI19/01898.