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Article History

Received: 15 January 2024

Accepted: 5 November 2024

First Online: 19 November 2024

Competing interests

: B.G. has received research funding from the Bennett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the NHS National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, NHS England, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Mohn–Westlake Foundation, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Wellcome Trust, the Good Thinking Foundation, Health Data Research UK, the Health Foundation, the World Health Organisation, UKRI MRC, Asthma UK, the British Lung Foundation, and the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme; he is a Non-Executive Director at NHS Digital; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science. BMK is also employed by NHS England working on medicines policy and clinical lead for primary care medicines data. A.M. is a member of RCGP health informatics group and the NHS Digital GP data Professional Advisory Group, and received consulting fee from Induction Healthcare. L.A.T. has received research funding from MRC, Wellcome, NIHR and GSK, consulted for Bayer in relation to an observational study of chronic kidney disease (unpaid), and is a member of 4 non-industry funded (NIHR/MRC) trial advisory committees (unpaid) and MHRA Expert advisory group (Women’s Health). R.E.C. has shares in AstraZeneca. V.M. received a grant from NIHR. A.S. is employed by LSHTM on a fellowship sponsored by GSK. J.T. received an AstraZeneca grant for unrelated COVID-19 research. G.F.M. and R.S. have received research funding from Intercept Pharmaceuticals and Advanz Pharma. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.