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Article History

Received: 5 June 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 5 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: Lisa Goudman is a postdoctoral research fellow funded by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium (project number 1211425N). Julie Pilitsis is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Saluda, and Abbott and receives grant support from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, and NIH 2R01CA166379-06. She is the medical advisor for Aim Medical Robotics and has stock equity. Marc Russo has stock options from Presidio Medical and Saluda Medical and minor equity holding in SPR Therapeutics obtained before 2019 and is now in a non-controlled escrow account for the duration of his INS Presidency. Philippe Rigoard reports grants and consultant fees from Medtronic, Abbott and Boston Scientific, outside the submitted work. Rui V Duarte is an employee of Saluda Medical, the employer had no role in this work. He has previously received consultancy fees from Mainstay Medical, Medtronic, and Saluda Medical. Sam Eldabe reports grants from Saluda Medical and Medtronic as well as consulting fees from Medtronic, Saluda Medical and Mainstay Medical. Maarten Moens received a research mandate by Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium (project number 1801125N) and has received speaker fees from Medtronic. STIMULUS received independent research grants from Medtronic. There are no other conflicts of interest to declare. There was no funding obtained to conduct this study.