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Article History

Received: 15 March 2023

Accepted: 15 May 2025

First Online: 28 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: H.Lu. received grant support from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and the University of Hong Kong. The funders had no role in study design, data acquisition, data analysis, data interpretation and the writing of the report. A.T.H. received funding from the Bruyère Research Institute, the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Medicine and the uOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute for her contribution to this work. The funders had no role in study design, data acquisition, data analysis, data interpretation and the writing of the report. A.H.Y.C. received grants and consultancy fees from Janssen-Cilag, consultancy fees from UCL-Business spin-out company Spoonful of Sugar Ltd and grants from A+ charitable trust (Auckland District Health Board), Maurice and Phyllis Paykel trust, Universitas 21, New Zealand Pharmacy Education Research Fund, Auckland Academic Health Alliance, Asthma UK, University of Auckland, Health Research Council, Chorus and Oakley Mental Health Foundation, outside the submitted work. A.H.Y.C. is the recipient of the Robert Irwin Postdoctoral Fellowship. C.S.L.C. received grants from Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, Pfizer, IQVIA and Amgen; personal fee from Primevigilance Ltd.; outside the submitted work. M.Kn. has received funding, through his university (LSE) from National Institute for Health Research, Economic and Social Research Council (UKRI). E.C.C.L. received research grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan, AbbVie, Taketa, Amgen and Sanofi. The funders had no role in study design, data acquisition, data analysis, data interpretation and the writing of the report. KKL has received research grants from the Health and Medical Research Fund, Innovation and Technology Commission and Research Grants Council of Hong Kong. K.K.L. also received education and research grants from Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Pfizer and Sanofi. All these grants are not related to the submitted work. K.K.C.M. is the recipient of the C.W. Maplethorpe Fellowship; received grants from the United Kingdom National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), European Commission Horizon 2020, the Hong Kong Research Grant Council; personal fee from IQVIA Ltd.; outside the submitted work. I.C.K.W. has received research grants from Research Grants Council (RGC, Hong Kong), Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC Hong Kong), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR in the UK) and Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) European Union FP7 program. I.C.K.W. also received education and research grant from Amgen, Bayer Shire, GSK, IQVIA, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Pfizer. He also receives personal fee from IQVIA and Jacobson Pharmaceutical. All these grants and fees are not related to the submitted work. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.