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Article History

Received: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Competing interests

: J.T. has served as a consultant for the Neurotorium Educational Platform and as a medical writer for Alzheon Inc., both outside of the scope of the present work. P.V. serves on the scientific advisory boards for NovoNordisc, Eisai, and Lilly, and received honoraria from IntelGenx Corp. S.G. is a member of the scientific advisory boards of AbbVie, Alzheon, AmyriAD, Eisai Canada, Enigma USA, Lilly Canada, Novo Nordisk Canada, TauRx. T.C. has served on the scientific advisory board of Eisai outside the scope of the present work. T.K.K. has consulted for Quanterix Corporation, SpearBio Inc., Neurogen Biomarking LLC., and Alzheon, and has served on advisory boards for Siemens Healthineers and Neurogen Biomarking LLC., outside the submitted work. He has received in-kind research support from Janssen Research Laboratories, SpearBio Inc., and Alamar Biosciences, as well as meeting travel support from the Alzheimer’s Association and Neurogen Biomarking LLC., outside the submitted work. T.K.K. has received royalties from Bioventix for the transfer of specific antibodies and assays to third-party organizations. He has received honoraria for speaker/grant review engagements from the NIH, UPENN, UW-Madison, the Cherry Blossom symposium, the HABS-HD/ADNI4 Health Enhancement Scientific Program, Advent Health Translational Research Institute, Brain Health conference, Barcelona-Pittsburgh conference, the International Neuropsychological Society, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Quebec Center for Drug Discovery, Canada, all outside of the submitted work. T.K.K. is an inventor on several patents and provisional patents regarding biofluid biomarker methods, targets and reagents/compositions, that may generate income for the institution and/or self should they be licensed and/or transferred to another organization. These include WO2020193500A1: Use of a ps396 assay to diagnose tauopathies; US 63/679,361: Methods to Evaluate Early-Stage Pre-Tangle TAU Aggregates and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients; US 63/672,952: Method for the Quantification of Plasma Amyloid-Beta Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease; US 63/693,956: Anti-tau Protein Antigen Binding Reagents; and 2450702-2: Detection of oligomeric tau and soluble tau aggregates. N.J.A. has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Eli-Lilly, Roche Diagnostics, Alamar Biosciences, Biogen, VJDementia and Quanterix; consulted for Quanterix, TauRx, Neurogen Biomarking; served on advisory boards for Biogen, TauRx, and TargetALS; and has a pending patent application (PCT/US2024/037834 (WSGR Docket No. 58484-709.601): Methods for Remote Blood Collection, Extraction and Analysis of Neuro Biomarkers). E.R.Z. has served on the scientific advisory board, as a consultant or speaker for Nintx, Novo Nordisk, Biogen, Lilly and Magdalena Biosciences. He is also a co-founder and minority shareholder of Masima. H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of CERimmune Therapeutics (outside submitted work). K.B. has served as a consultant and on advisory boards for AbbVie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sunbird Bio, Sanofi and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. P.R.-N. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Roche, Novo Nordisk, Eisai and Cerveau Technologies, outside of the scope of the present work. All other authors (L.T., A.C.M., N.R., E.A., S.S., S.A.H., J.P.F.-Z., B.B., P.L.F., Y.-T.W., J.F.-A., Y.Z., B.H., J.S., R.H., C.H.H., M.M., J.K. and T.A.P.) declare no competing interests.