Updates are available Correction dated 2026-02-23
Click to view Correction: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-026-01425-9
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Authors
Doni Jayavelu, Naresh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-0830
Samaha, Hady https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-7820
Wimalasena, Sonia Tandon
Hoch, Annmarie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-2164
Gygi, Jeremy P.
Gabernet, Gisela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-9474
Ozonoff, Al https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-5899
Liu, Shanshan
Milliren, Carly E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6280-8417
Levy, Ofer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-1945
Baden, Lindsey R. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1752-1926
Melamed, Esther https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-3591
Ehrlich, Lauren I. R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-1755
McComsey, Grace A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-8888
Sekaly, Rafick P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7816-4828
Cairns, Charles B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-5415
Haddad, Elias K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6924-4300
Schaenman, Joanna
Shaw, Albert C.
Hafler, David A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-535X
Montgomery, Ruth R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-4454
Corry, David B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-1016
Kheradmand, Farrah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5343-103X
Atkinson, Mark A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-4782
Brakenridge, Scott C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7327-3718
Agudelo Higuit, Nelson I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-6280
Metcalf, Jordan P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-5270
Hough, Catherine L.
Messer, William B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-6347
Pulendran, Bali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-4333
Nadeau, Kari C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955
Davis, Mark M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6868-657X
Geng, Linda N.
Fernandez Sesma, Ana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3405-6702
Simon, Viviana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-5096
Krammer, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-776X
Kraft, Monica
Bime, Chris
Calfee, Carolyn S.
Erle, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-0648
Langelier, Charles R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6708-4646
,
Becker, Patrice M.
Augustine, Alison D.
Holland, Steven M.
Rosen, Lindsey B.
Lee, Serena
Vaysman, Tatyana
Chen, Jing
Kho, Alvin
Chang, Ana C.
McEnaney, Kerry
Barton, Brenda
Lentucci, Claudia
Murphy, Maimouna D.
Saluvan, Mehmet
Shaheen, Tanzia
Syphurs, Caitlin
Albert, Marisa
Hayati, Arash Nemati
Bryant, Robert
Abraham, James
Thomas, Sanya
Cooney, Mitchell
Karoly, Meagan
Presnell, Scott
Kohr, Bernard
Jancsyk, Tomasz
Arnett, Azlann
Overton, James A.
Vita, Randi
Westendorf, Kerstin
Overton, James A.
Steen, Hanno
van Zalm, Patrick
Fatou, Benoit
Smolen, Kinga K.
Viode, Arthur
van Haren, Simon
Jha, Meenakshi
Stevenson, David
Mendez, Kevin
Lasky-Su, Jessica
Tong, Alexandra
Rooks, Rebecca
Desjardins, Michael
Sherman, Amy C.
Walsh, Stephen R.
Mitre, Xhoi
Cauley, Jessica
Li, Xiofang
Evans, Bethany
Montesano, Christina
Licona, Jose Humberto
Krauss, Jonathan
Issa, Nicholas C.
Chang, Jun Bai Park
Izaguirre, Natalie
Hutton, Scott R.
Michelotti, Greg
Wong, Kari
Tebbutt, Scott J.
Shannon, Casey P.
Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre
Fourati, Slim
Harris, Paul
Sieg, Scott
Yendewa, George
Consolo, Mary
Tribout, Heather
Ribeiro, Susan Pereira
Kutzler, Michele A.
Bernui, Mariana
Cusimano, Gina
Connors, Jennifer
Woloszczuk, Kyra
Joyner, David
Edwards, Carolyn
Lee, Edward
Lin, Edward
Melnyk, Nataliya
Powell, Debra L.
Kim, James N.
Goonewardene, I. Michael
Simmons, Brent
Smith, Cecilia M.
Martens, Mark
Croen, Brett
Semenza, Nicholas C.
Bell, Mathew R.
Furukawa, Sara
McLin, Renee
Tegos, George P.
Rogowski, Brandon
Mege, Nathan
Ulring, Kristen
Schearer, Pam
Sheidy, Judie
Nagle, Crystal
Seyfert-Margolis, Vicki
Bosinger, Steven E.
Boddapati, Arun K.
Tharp, Greg K.
Pellegrini, Kathryn L.
Johnson, Brandi
Panganiban, Bernadine
Huerta, Christopher
Anderson, Evan J.
Sevransky, Jonathan E.
Bristow, Laurel
Beagle, Elizabeth
Cowan, David
Hamilton, Sydney
Hodder, Thomas
Bechnak, Amer
Cheng, Andrew
Mehta, Aneesh
Ciric, Caroline R.
Spainhour, Christine
Carter, Erin
Scherer, Erin M.
Usher, Jacob
Hellmeister, Kieffer
Hussaini, Laila
Hewitt, Lauren
Mcnair, Nina
Ribeiro, Susan Pereira
Fernandez-Sesma, Ana
Van Bakel, Harm
Kim-Schulze, Seunghee
Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana Silvia
Qi, Jingjing
Lee, Brian
Carreño, Juan Manuel
Singh, Gagandeep
Raskin, Ariel
Tcheou, Johnstone
Khalil, Zain
van de Guchte, Adriana
Farrugia, Keith
Khan, Zenab
Kelly, Geoffrey
Srivastava, Komal
Eaker, Lily Q.
Bermúdez-González, Maria C.
Mulder, Lubbertus C. F.
Beach, Katherine F.
Saksena, Miti
Altman, Deena
Kojic, Erna
Sominsky, Levy A.
Azad, Arman
Bielak, Dominika
Kawabata, Hisaaki
Yellin, Temima
Fried, Miriam
Sullivan, Leeba
Morris, Sara
Kleiner, Giulio
Stadlbauer, Daniel
Dutta, Jayeeta
Xie, Hui
Patel, Manishkumar
Nie, Kai
Rahman, Adeeb
Siegel, Sarah A. R.
Sullivan, Peter E.
Lu, Zhengchun
Brunton, Amanda E.
Strand, Matthew
Lyski, Zoe L.
Coulter, Felicity J.
Micheleti, Courtney
Maecker, Holden
Rosenberg-Hasson, Yael
Leipold, Michael
Sigal, Natalia
Rogers, Angela
Fernandes, Andrea
Manohar, Monali
Do, Evan
Chang, Iris
Lee, Alexandra S.
Blish, Catherine
Din, Henna Naz
Roque, Jonasel
Geng, Linda N.
Artandi, Maja
Ahuja, Neera
Yang, Samuel S.
Chinthrajah, Sharon
Hagan, Thomas
Salehi-Rad, Ramin
Rivera, Adreanne M.
Pickering, Harry C.
Sen, Subha
Elashoff, David
Ward, Dawn C.
Brook, Jenny
Ramires-Sanchez, Estefania
Llamas, Megan
Perdomo, Claudia
Magyar, Clara E.
Fulcher, Jennifer
Hendrickson, Carolyn M.
Kangelaris, Kirsten N.
Nguyen, Viet
Lee, Deanna
Chak, Suzanna
Ghale, Rajani
Gonzalez, Ana
Jauregui, Alejandra
Leroux, Carolyn
Altamirano, Luz Torres
Rashid, Ahmad Sadeed
Willmore, Andrew
Woodruff, Prescott G.
Krummel, Matthew F.
Carrillo, Sidney
Ward, Alyssa
Patel, Ravi
Wilson, Michael
Dandekar, Ravi
Alvarenga, Bonny
Rajan, Jayant
Eckalbar, Walter
Schroeder, Andrew W.
Fragiadakis, Gabriela K.
Tsitsiklis, Alexandra
Mick, Eran
Guerrero, Yanedth Sanchez
Love, Christina
Maliskova, Lenka
Adkisson, Michael
Leligdowicz, Aleksandra
Beagle, Alexander
Rao, Arjun
Sigman, Austin
Samad, Bushra
Curiel, Cindy
Shaw, Cole
Tietje-Ulrich, Gayelan
Milush, Jeff
Singer, Jonathan
Vasquez, Joshua J.
Tang, Kevin
Betancourt, Legna
Santhosh, Lekshmi
Pierce, Logan
Paz, Maria Tecero
Matthay, Michael
Thakur, Neeta
Rodriguez, Nicklaus
Sutter, Nicole
Jones, Norman
Sinha, Pratik
Prasad, Priya
Lota, Raphael
Rashid, Sadeed
Asthana, Saurabh
Bhide, Sharvari
Lea, Tasha
Abe-Jones, Yumiko
Duchen, Dylan
Pawar, Shrikant
Konstorum, Anna
Chen, Ernie
Cotsapas, Chris
Wang, Xiaomei
Xu, Leqi
Dela Cruz, Charles
Iwasaki, Akiko
Mohanty, Subhasis
Nelson, Allison
Zhao, Yujiao
Farhadian, Shelli
Asashima, Hiromitsu
Chaudhary, Omkar
Coppi, Andreas
Fournier, John
Muenker, M. Catherine
Raddassi, Khadir
Rainone, Michael
Ruff, William
Salahuddin, Syim
Shulz, Wade L.
Vijayakumar, Pavithra
Wang, Haowei
Wunder, Esio Jr.
Young, H. Patrick
Ko, Albert I.
Esserman, Denise
Guan, Leying
Brito, Anderson
Rothman, Jessica
Grubaugh, Nathan D.
Song, Li-Zhen
Nelson, Ebony
AgudeloHiguita, Nelson I.
Sinko, Lauren A.
Booth, J. Leland
Drevets, Douglas A.
Brown, Brent R.
Mosier, Jarrod
Erickson, Heidi
Schunk, Ron
Kimura, Hiroki
Conway, Michelle
Francisco, Dave
Molzahn, Allyson
Wilson, Connie Cathleen
Hughes, Trina
Sierra, Bianca
Ungaro, Ricardo F.
Manning, Brittany Roth
Moldawer, Lyle
Oberhaus, Jordan
Guirgis, Faheem W.
Borresen, Brittney
Anderson, Matthew L.
Maguire, Cole
Wylie, Dennis
Rousseau, Justin F.
Hurley, Kerin C.
Geltman, Janelle N.
Siles, Nadia
Rogers, Jacob E.
Tipan, Pablo Guaman
Guan, Leying https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-1073
Maecker, Holden T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-9946
Peters, Bjoern https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-6693
Kleinstein, Steven H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-1544
Reed, Elaine F.
Augustine, Alison D.
Diray-Arce, Joann https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-4269
Becker, Patrice M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-8587
Rouphael, Nadine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-7919
Altman, Matthew C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-8505
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Article History
Received: 27 November 2024
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Change Date: 23 February 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-026-01425-9
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays and NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which list F.K. as co-inventor. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2. F.K. has consulted for Merck and Pfizer (before 2020), and is currently consulting for Pfizer, Seqirus, 3rd Rock Ventures, Merck and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2. V.S. is a co-inventor on a patent filed relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays (the “Serology Assays”). O.L. is a named inventor on patents held by Boston Children’s Hospital relating to vaccine adjuvants and human in vitro platforms that model vaccine action. His laboratory has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). C.B.C. serves as a consultant to bioMerieux and is funded for a grant from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. J.A.O. is a consultant at Knocean Inc. Jessica Lasky-Su serves as a scientific advisor of Precion Inc. S.R.H., G.M. and K.W. are employees of Metabolon Inc. V.S.M. is a current employee of MyOwnMed. N.R. reports contracts with Lilly, Immorna, Vaccine Company and Sanofi for COVID-19 clinical trials and serves as a consultant for ICON, EMMES, Imunon, CyanVac for consulting on safety for COVID19 clinical trials. A.R. is a current employee of Immunai Inc. Steven Kleinstein is a consultant related to ImmPort data repository for Peraton. Nathan Grabaugh is a consultant for Tempus Labs and the National Basketball Association. Akiko Iwasaki is a consultant for 4BIO, Blue Willow Biologics, Revelar Biotherapeutics, RIGImmune, Xanadu Bio, Paratus Sciences. M.K. receives research funds paid to her institution from NIH, ALA; Sanofi, Astra-Zeneca for work in asthma, serves as a consultant for Astra-Zeneca, Sanofi, Chiesi, GSK for severe asthma; is a co-founder and CMO for RaeSedo, Inc, a company created to develop peptidomimetics for treatment of inflammatory lung disease. E.M. received research funding from Babson Diagnostics, honorarium from Multiple Sclerosis Association of America and has served on advisory boards of Genentech, Horizon, Teva and Viela Bio. C.C. receives research funding from NIH, FDA, DOD, Roche-Genentech and Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative as well as consulting services for Janssen, Vasomune, Gen1e Life Sciences, NGMBio, and Cellenkos. Wade Schulz was an investigator for a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; is a technical consultant to Hugo Health, a personal health information platform; cofounder of Refactor Health, an AI-augmented data management platform for health care; and has received grants from Merck and Regeneron Pharmaceutical for research related to COVID-19. G.A.M. received research grants from Rehdhill, Cognivue, Pfizer, and Genentech, and served as a research consultant for Gilead, Merck, Viiv/GSK, and Jenssen. L.N.G. received research funding paid to her institution from Pfizer, Inc. E.M. is an Editorial Board Member for Communications Medicine and Guest Editor for the Post COVID-19 condition/Long COVID Collection, but was not involved in the editorial review or peer review, nor in the decision to publish this article. L.N.G. is a Guest Editor for the Post COVID-19 condition/Long COVID Collection, but was not involved in the editorial review or peer review, nor the decision to publish this article.
