Elgendi, Mohamed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-0202
Markov, Karmen
Liu, Hangyu
De Vos, Maarten
Khalaf, Kinda
Khandoker, Ahsan
Jelinek, Herbert F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-6193
Goswami, Debkalpa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-0027
Menon, Carlo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2309-9977
Funding for this research was provided by:
Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research (FSU-2025-001)
Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. M.E. serves as an Associate Editor for npj Biosensing and had no involvement in the review or editorial handling of this manuscript.