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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 17 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Competing interests

: L.B. reports speaker fees from Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare, outside the scope of the submitted work. J.R.A. reports advisory and speaker fees and grant support from ViiV, Janssen, Gilead Sciences, MSD and AELIX Therapeutics. A.C. reports advisory and speaker fees and grant support from Gilead Sciences, Janssen, MSD and ViiV Healthcare. R.P. reports research grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme, ViiV Healthcare, Gilead Sciences and PharmaMar; consultancy fees for Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, Roche Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, GSK, ViiV Healthcare, Eli Lilly and Company, and PharmaMar; and honoraria from Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme and PharmaMar, outside of the submitted work. E.V., D.S., J.J.W., and R.G. are employees and stockholders of Gilead Sciences. I.M. was an employee of AELIX Therapeutics S.L. at the time of the study, and is currently an employee of Orion Biotechnology, and is a consultant for Synklino, outside the scope of the submitted work. C.B., B.M., and A.L.L. are co-inventors of the HTI immunogen (patent application PCT/EP2013/051596). C.B., B.M., and I.M. are co-inventors of US patent application no. 62/935,519 and US patent application no. 62/851,546, which have relevance to the vaccine regimen used in both studies. C.B. was co-founder, Chief Scientific Officer, and shareholder of AELIX Therapeutics S.L. and serves as an advisor for Tendel Therapies and OmniScope, outside of the submitted work, and reports speaker fees from Gilead Sciences. J.M. has received research funding, consultancy fees and lecture sponsorships from, and has served on advisory boards for, various laboratories (MSD, AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead Sciences, Viiv Healthcare, Janssen-Cilag and Bristol Myers Squibb). B.M. reports past consultancy personal fees from AELIX Therapeutics S.L., as well as speaker fees from Gilead Sciences, Janssen, MSD and ViiV Healthcare, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.