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Authors
Chou, Shantao Chloe
Cong, Cen https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8261-6480
Brownson-Smith, Rosiered
Milne-Ives, Madison https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-882X
Meinert, Edward https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2484-3347
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 9 February 2026
Competing interests
: EM is an Editorial Board Member of Nature Scientific Reports. EM is the Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Gnosis Health Limited, a company specialising in the design and development of digital tools for chronic disease management. Newcastle University and the University of Plymouth are shareholders in Gnosis Health Limited. All other authors declare no competing interests.
