McConnell, Niccolò https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4966-4737
Vasudev, Pardeep
Yamada, Daisuke https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-5908
Cheng, Daryl https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-4298
Azimbagirad, Mehran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-7643
McCabe, John
Aslani, Shahab
Shahin, Ahmed H.
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,
Janes, Sam M.
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Ruparel, Mamta
Mullin, Monica L.
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Hackshaw, Allan
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Arthur-Darkwa, Esther
Quaife, Samantha L.
Nair, Arjun
Devaraj, Anand
Gyertson, Kylie
Bowyer, Vicky
El-Emir, Ethaar
Airebamen, Judy
Cotton, Alice
Phua, Kaylene
Murali, Elodie
Mehta, Simranjit
Zylstra, Janine
Parry-Billings, Karen
Ife, Columbus
Neville, April
Robinson, Paul
Green, Laura
Hanif, Zahra
Kiconco, Helen
McEwen, Ricardo
Arancon, Dominique
Beech, Nicholas
Ovayolu, Derya
Hosein, Christine
Enes, Sylvia Patricia
Rowlands, Jane
Karavadra, Sheetal
Samson, Aashna
Patel, Urja
Hoque, Fahmida
Pervez, Hina
Nnorom, Sofia
Miah, Moksud
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Shaw, Alan
Banka, Rajesh
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Ekeowa, Ugo
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McCabe, John
Jacob, Joseph
Azimbagirad, Mehran
Ozaltin, Burcu
Anastasiadis, Tania
Perugia, Andrew
Rusius, James
Bellingan, Geoff
Browne, Maureen
Hellier, Eleanor
Nestor, Catherine
Altmann, Andre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-2393
Hu, Yipeng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-0486
Taylor, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-2948
Janes, Sam M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6634-5939
Alexander, Daniel C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2439-350X
Jacob, Joseph
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S021612/1)
Cancer Research UK (EDDCPGM\100002)
Cancer Research UK (C11496/ A30025)
RCUK | MRC | Medical Research Foundation (MR/W025051/1)
LUNGevity Foundation (SU2C-AACR-DT23-17)
Wellcome Trust (227835/Z/23/Z)
DH | National Institute for Health Research
Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: J.J. declares consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, NHSX; Advisory Boards for Boehringer Ingelheim, F. Hoffmann-La Roche; Lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Takeda; Grant Funding: from GlaxoSmithKline, Wellcome Trust, Microsoft Research, Gilead Sciences; Patents: UK patent application numbers 2113765.8 and GB2211487.0. SMJ has received fees for advisory board membership in the last three years from Bard1 Lifescience. He has received grant income from GRAIL Inc. He is an unpaid member of a GRAIL advisory board. He has received lecture fees for academic meetings from Chiesi and AstraZeneca. His wife works for AstraZeneca. All other authors declare no competing interests.