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Article History

Received: 28 December 2024

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Competing interests

: V.A. receives research funding to Johns Hopkins University from Astra Zeneca and Labcorp/Personal Genome Diagnostics, has received research funding to Johns Hopkins University from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Delfi Diagnostics in the past 5 years, is an advisory board member for AstraZeneca and Neogenomics (compensated) and receives honoraria from Foundation Medicine, Guardant Health, Roche, ThermoFisher and Labcorp/Personal Genome Diagnostics. V.A. is an inventor on patent applications (63/276,525, 17/779,936, 16/312,152, 16/341,862, 17/047,006 and 17/598,690) submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to cancer genomic analyses, ctDNA therapeutic response monitoring and immunogenomic features of response to immunotherapy that have been licensed to one or more entities. V.E.V. is a founder of Delfi Diagnostics and Artemyx, serves on the Board of Directors and owns stock of both organizations, which are subject to certain restrictions under university policy. Additionally, Johns Hopkins University owns equity in Delfi Diagnostics. V.E.V. divested his equity in Personal Genome Diagnostics (PGDx) to LabCorp in February 2022. V.E.V. is an inventor on multiple patent applications submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to cancer genomic and cell-free DNA analyses that have been licensed to one or more entities, including Delfi Diagnostics, Artemyx, LabCorp, Qiagen, Sysmex, Agios, Genzyme, Esoterix, Ventana and ManaT Bio. Under the terms of these license agreements, the University and inventors are entitled to fees and royalty distributions. V.E.V. is an advisor to Viron Therapeutics and Epitope. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. A. A. is an inventor on patent applications submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to cfDNA and cancer detection that have been licensed to Delfi Diagnostics. D.S. is a corporate board member for BioMarin, TORL BioTherapeutics, and 1200 Pharma, is a consultant for Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Seagen, has equity ownership in Amgen, Biomarin, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Seagen, Vertex, TORL BioTherapeutics, and 1200 Pharma, is on the speaker bureau (compensated) for Novartis, receives research funding from Novartis, Pfizer, and Seagen, receives travel support from Novartis and Pfizer, and receives honoraria from Novartis. G.E.K. is on speaker bureaus (compensated) for AstraZeneca, Merck, Immunogen/Genmab, receives research funding (to the institution) from Lilly Inc., and Merck, receives travel support from TORL Biotherapeutics, and receives honoraria from Foundation Medicine for expert testimony. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.