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Authors
Hahn, William O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-0586
Fisher, Leigh H.
Ward, Amy
Grant, Shannon
Yen, Catherine
Randhawa, April Kaur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-3734
Li, Xiaohong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4438-2664
Ramirez, Shelly
Espy, Nicole https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-189X
Hural, John
Hanke, Jennifer
Roychoudhury, Pavitra
Kelley, Colleen F.
Rouphael, Nadine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-7919
Cantos, Valeria D.
Pinto, Jorge
Cahn, Pedro E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-1931
Manentsa, Mmatsie
Makhema, Joseph
Samaneka, Wadzanai https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6636-0396
Bhondai-Mhuri, Muchaneta
Stranix-Chibanda, Lynda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-1688
Losso, Marcelo H.
Garcia, Edgar Antonio Ramirez
Innes, Craig
Chinula, Lameck
Lama, Javier R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4983-5725
Gallardo-Cartagena, Jorge A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-1954
Kabengele, Chishiba https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0087-8596
Chilengi, Roma
Nchabeleng, Maphoshane
Tieu, Hong-Van
Hoagland, Brenda
Grinsztejn, Beatriz
Brumskine, William L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1092-9919
Ahmed, Khatija https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0309-1641
Wallis, Carole L.
Greninger, Alexander L.
Corey, Lawrence https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-2436
Hyrien, Ollivier https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1909-2542
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068614)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068635)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1 AI068618)
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Competing interests
: A.L.G. reports contract testing from Abbott, Cepheid, Novavax, Pfizer, Janssen, and Hologic, research support from Gilead, outside of the described work. J.P. reports institutional research grant support from NIH, Janssen, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., and ViiV Healthcare and personal fees for advisory boards from GSK/ViiV, all outside the submitted work. C.Y. is employed by NIAID/NIH, the funder and Sponsor of the study described in this manuscript, and served as one of the Medical Officers for the study. P.C. reports consulting fees received from ViiV Healthcare and Gilead, outside of the present study. L.S.C. reports consulting fees received from ViiV Healthcare outside of the present study. C.F.K. reports research grants to her institution from Moderna, Novavax, Humanigen, Gilead, and Viiv. N.R. reports institutional support from the NIH, Merck, Sanofi, Pfizer, Vaccine Company, Immorna, personal fees from Krog, Virology Education, Sanofi, and Moderna, and served on advisory boards for Moderna, Sanofi, Seqirus, Pfizer, EMMES, ICON, BARDA, CyanVac, and Micron Safety, all outside of the present study. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to report.The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
: All collaborators of this study have fulfilled the criteria for authorship required by Nature Portfolio journals and have been included as authors. This work includes findings that are globally relevant, which have been determined in collaboration with local partners, many of whom are co-authors on the manuscript. We feel that it does not result in stigmatization, incrimination, discrimination, or personal risk to participants. As the work reflects the global COVID pandemic to date, local and regional research was integral to our study and we have included representative examples in the citations.
