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Influenza vaccine responses differ between young children previously exposed to influenza antigens via infection versus vaccination

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-026-01610-w

Published Online: 2026-05-01

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Fox, Annette https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0565-7146
Alafaci, Annette

Carolan, Louise

Burrell, Rebecca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-9641
Sánchez-Ovando, Stephany https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-2506
Hadiprodjo, A. Jessica

McMinn, Alissa

Macartney, Kristine

León, André Nicolás https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-8966
Ward, Andrew B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-3769
Wheatley, Adam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-9387
Sullivan, Sheena G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-0294
Crawford, Nigel W.

Britton, Philip N.

Subbarao, Kanta
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (contract HHSN272201400005)

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (contract 75N93021C00017)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-05-01

Version of Record valid from 2026-07-27
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Article History

Received: 8 July 2025

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 1 May 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: A.F. and S.G.S. have received funding for influenza vaccination and infection studies from Sanofi. SGS has served on advisory boards and acted as consultant for Astra-Zeneca, Sanofi, Seqiris™, GSK, Pfizer, Moderna, Novavax, and Evo Health. ABW conducts sponsored research for Third Rock Ventures. NWC and KM are members of the Australian Therapeutic Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI). KM is a member of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS). All other authors declare no competing interests.

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