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Authors
Arunachalam, Prithvi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-6250
Pieperhoff, Leonard https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9003-4588
Lorenzini, Luigi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-881X
Tranfa, Mario https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-4746
Masserini, Federico
Treves, Francesca
Pontillo, Giuseppe
Preti, Maria G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-5327
Broeders, Tommy A. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2884-2827
Schoonheim, Menno M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-6959
Douw, Linda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-4062
Ritchie, Craig
Boada, Mercè https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-3009
Marquié, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-0950
Visser, Pieter Jelle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-9727
Cacciaglia, Raffaele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-949X
Gispert, Juan Domingo
Salvadó, Gemma
Luckett, Emma S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-4742
Collij, Lyduine E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-1762
Cole, James H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-5588
Barkhof, Frederik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-3706
Wink, Alle Meije https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8197-0118
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Alves, Isadora Lopes
Altomare, Daniele
Frisoni, Giovanni B.
Saint-Aubert, Laure
Payoux, Pierre
Kivipelto, Miia
Jessen, Frank
Drzezga, Alexander
Leeuwis, Annebet
van Berckel, Bart N. M.
Scheltens, Philip
Gray, Katherine R.
Wolz, Robin
Stephens, Andrew
Gismondi, Rossella
Buckely, Christopher
Schmidt, Mark
Ford, Lisa
Farrar, Gill
Molinuevo, José Luis
Vandenberghe, Rik
Hanseeuw, Bernard J.
Boutoleau-Bretonniere, Claire
Connely, Peter
Den Braber, Anouk
Dubois, Bruno
Dumurgier, Julien
Gabelle, Audrey
Rivera, Oriol Grau
Ivanoiu, Adrian
Kern, Silke
Lage, Pablo Martinez
Ousset, Pierre-Jean
Pasquier, Florence
Schöll, Michael
Skoog, Ingmar
Vellas, Bruno
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alzheimer Nederland (WE.03-2023-14)
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (115952)
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (115736)
Alzheimer's Association (SG-21-818099)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Competing interests
: F.B. is supported by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), EUJU (IMI), National Institute for Health and Care Research—Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), General Eletronic (GE) HealthCare; he is a consultant for Combinostics, IXICO, and Roche; participates on advisory boards of Biogen, Prothena, and Merck; and is a co-founder of Queen Square Analytics. L.E.C. has received research support and speakers fee from GE HealthCare Ltd. and Springer Healthcare (paid to institution). C.R. is a CEO, founder and majority shareholder of Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK, and has received funding paid to his institution for projects, consultancy, or investigator fees from Actinogen, Biogen, Eisai, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Kynexis, Linus, Merck, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, TauRx, and Thereni. M.B. has consulted for Grifols, Araclon Biotech, Roche, Biogen, Lilly, Merck, Novo-Nordisk; has served in the Advisory Boards from Grifols, Roche, Lilly, Araclon Biotech, Merck, Biogen, Novo-Nordisk, Bioiberica, Eisai, Servier, Schwabe Pharma; received fees from lectures from Roche, Biogen, Grifols, Nutricia, Araclon Biotech, Novo-Nordisk, Eisai, Terumo, Schwabe Pharma; and reports research funding from Life Molecular Imaging, Bioiberica, Grifols, Araclon Biotech, Lilly, Roche, Janssen, Alzehon, Cortyzime, Novo Nordisk, Schwabe Pharma. M.M. has consulted for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. and has served in the Spanish Scientific Advisory Board for biomarkers of Araclon Biotech. G.S. has received speaker or advisory fees from Springer, GE Healthcare, Biogen, Esteve, Adium and Johnson&Johnson. All other authors declare no competing interests.
: All AMYPAD and EPAD participants provided written informed consent.
