Wang, Di https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5841-5060
Mason, Noah L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-9337
Karimi, Fatemeh
Yang, Yinan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-2858
Filatov, Alexander S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8378-1994
Kim, Young-Hwan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0453-1434
Zhou, Chenkun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-7517
Jiang, De-en https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-0731
Klie, Robert F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-6667
Talapin, Dmitri V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-8587
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | U.S. Air Force (FA9550-22-1-0283)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Chemistry (CHE-2318105)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Chemistry (CHE-2318105)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Chemistry (CHE-2318105)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Chemistry (CHE-2318105)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Chemistry (DMR-0959470)
National Science Foundation (GRFP 214000)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (DMR 2309396)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (DMR-1626065)
Article History
Received: 9 December 2024
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Competing interests
: D.W. and D.V.T. are inventors on patent application PCT/US2023/072474 submitted by the University of Chicago, which covers direct synthesis and CVD of MXenes using organohalides. D.W., N.L.M. and D.V.T. are inventors on patent application US 63/777,897 submitted by the University of Chicago, which covers the direct synthesis of MXenes using CH 2 X 2 , where X is halogen. The other authors declare no competing interests.