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Article History

First Online: 10 April 2025

Competing interests

: A.V. reports no disclosures. M.C.H. reports consulting fees from Comanche Biopharma, research support from Genentech, and site principal investigator work for Novartis, all unrelated to the present work. P.L is an unpaid consultant to, or involved in clinical trials for Amgen, Baim Institute, Beren Therapeutics, Esperion Therapeutics, Genentech, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Novartis and Sanofi-Regeneron. P.L. is a member of the scientific advisory board for Amgen, Caristo Diagnostics, CSL Behring, Elucid Bioimaging, Kancera, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Olatec Therapeutics, Novartis, PlaqueTec, Polygon Therapeutics, TenSixteen Bio, Soley Therapeutics and XBiotech. P.L.’s laboratory has received research funding in the past two years from Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Genentech. P.L. is on the board of directors of XBiotech. P.L. has a financial interest in XBiotech, a company developing therapeutic human antibodies; in TenSixteen Bio, a company targeting somatic mosaicism and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential to discover and develop therapeutics to treat age-related diseases; and in Soley Therapeutics, a biotechnology company that is combining artificial intelligence with molecular and cellular response detection for discovering and developing new drugs, currently focusing on cancer therapeutics. P.L.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies.