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Article History

Received: 18 September 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 14 April 2025

Competing interests

: P.P.S. has served on the advisory board of RCE Technologies and HeartSciences and holds stock options; received grants or contracts from RCE Technologies, HeartSciences, Butterfly and MindMics; and holds patents with Mayo Clinic (US8328724B2), HeartSciences (US11445918B2) and Rutgers Health (62/864,771, US202163152686P, WO2022182603A1, US202163211829P, WO2022266288A1 and US202163212228P). N.Y. declares grants or contracts from MindMics, RCE Technologies, HeartSciences and Abiomed; receives consulting fees from Turnkey Learning and Turnkey Insights; receives payment or honoraria and support for attending meetings or travel from West Virginia University (WVU) and the National Science Foundation; is an advisor or board member for Research Spark Hub and Magnetic 3D; is an adjunct professor or faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University; is an editorial board member for the American Society of Echocardiography; is a special government employee of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health at the US Food and Drug Association; and holds patents with Rutgers (US202163152686P, WO2022182603A1, US202163211829P, WO2022266288A1, US202163212228P and WO2022266291A1) and WVU (invention numbers 2021-20 and 2021-047). Rutgers University has filed three patent applications related to the publication. These include a US patent application (US20240306974A1) titled ‘Synthetic echo from ECG’, which is currently pending. The same title is applied to an EP (European) patent application (EP4355209A1) and an India patent application (202417003493), both also in pending status. All three applications list P.P.S. and N.Y. as the inventors and Rutgers University as the assignee. These patents detail the development of synthetic echocardiography from surface ECGs using GAN methods, including clinical models and telemedicine applications. The other authors declare no competing interests.