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Authors
Schuermans, Art https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-9692
Verstraete, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2121-4713
Lammi, Vilma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-5239
Nakanishi, Tomoko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-5646
Ardissino, Maddalena
Van den Eynde, Jef https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5606-376X
Sun, Benjamin B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-2281
Georgakis, Marios K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3507-3659
Guillen-Guio, Beatriz
Wain, Louise V.
Brightling, Christopher E.
,
Van Weyenbergh, Johan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-8426
Lewandowski, Adam J.
Raman, Betty
Zeberg, Hugo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-1249
Ollila, Hanna M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6429
Burgess, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-8760
Natarajan, Pradeep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-7435
Honigberg, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-5021
Freson, Kathleen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-2442
Vanassche, Thomas
Verhamme, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-2858
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Life Science Research Partners
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London (22J30004)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (512461526)
Wellcome Trust (302210/Z/23/Z)
Wellcome Trust (221680/Z/20/Z)
Academy of Finland (#1350181)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AI170850)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01Hl161365)
KU Leuven (C14/23/121)
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G072921N)
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1843423N)
Vetenskapsrådet (2021-03050)
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (2023.0141)
Stiftelsen Clas Groschinskys Minnesfond
Emil och Wera Cornells Stiftelse
Petrus och Augusta Hedlunds Stiftelse
Philip-Sörensen foundation
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Article History
Received: 7 June 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Competing interests
: B.S. is a full-time employee of Bristol Myers Squibb. M.K.G. has consulted for Tourmaline Bio and serves on the Editorial Board of Neurology, both not relevant to this work. L.V.W. reports research funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech and Orion Pharma and consultancy for Galapagos and GlaxoSmithKline, outside of the submitted work. C.E.B. has received grants and consultancy fees from 4D Pharma, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Mologic, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche and Sanofi. M.C.H. reports research funding from Genentech, site principal investigator work for Novartis, consulting fees from Comanche Biopharma and advisory board service for Miga Health, all unrelated to the present work. K.F. received research grants from Novo Nordisk and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Sobi). T.V. has participated in advisory boards and/or acted as a speaker on behalf of Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Leo Pharma and Sanofi Aventis. P.V. has received research funding from Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer and Leo Pharma and honoraria from Bayer, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanofi-Aventis, Leo Pharma, Anthos Therapeutics and AstraZeneca. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
