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Authors
Wei, Yuyang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3200-8598
Oldroyd, Jeremy
Haste, Phoebe
Jayamohan, Jayaratnam
Jones, Michael
Casey, Nicholas
Peña, Jose-Maria
Baylis, Sonya
Gilmour, Stan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6755-6842
Jérusalem, Antoine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5026-8038
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2024
Accepted: 21 January 2025
First Online: 26 February 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The studies involving the collection and analysis of criminal cases were reviewed and approved by the South Central-Berkshire Research Ethics Committee, the Thames Valley Police and National Crime Agency of UK. All documents were anonymised before postprocessing. This study adheres to the established standards of ethical research and inclusion. Access to the data was facilitated by Thames Valley Police and the National Crime Agency. Consent forms were obtained from the victims for all assault cases and were not required for deceased cases. The data used in this research were fully anonymised by the Thames Valley Police and the National Crime Agency before being shared with the academic authors for analysis.
