Zhang, Weiqi
Tang, Wenying
Wan, Zixi
Fan, Zhiyong
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB203500)
Hong Kong Research Grant Council General Research Fund (#16205321)
HKUST Internal Fund from Frontier Technology Research for Joint Institutes with Industry (#CSSET24EG03)
HKUST Internal Fund from Center on Smart Sensors and Environ-mental Technologies (IOPCF21EG01)
Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.