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Article History

Received: 7 August 2024

Accepted: 27 January 2025

First Online: 10 March 2025

Competing interests

: S.M.G. reports honoraria from Hexal, Angelini and Tegus. O.K.-F. reports honoraria for lectures for Lundbeck Pharma A/S and consultant work for WCG Clinical. J.A.R.-Q. was on the speakers’ bureau and/or acted as consultant for Biogen, Idorsia, Casen-Recordati, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Takeda, Bial, Sincrolab, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, BMS, Medice, Rubió, Uriach, Technofarma and Raffo in the last three years. He also received travel awards (air tickets and hotel) for taking part in psychiatric meetings from Idorsia, Janssen-Cilag, Rubió, Takeda, Bial and Medice. The Department of Psychiatry chaired by him has received unrestricted educational and research support from the following companies in the last three years: Exeltis, Idorsia, Janssen-Cilag, Neuraxpharm, Oryzon, Roche, Probitas and Rubió. C.P. reports consultation and speaker’s fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Compass, Eleusis, GH Research, Lundbeck and Värde Partners. T.A.F. reports personal fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, DT Axis, Kyoto University Original, Shionogi, SONY and UpToDate, a grant from DT Axis and Shionogi, patent 7448125 concerning use of machine learning in internet cognitive–behavioural therapy (iCBT), and a pending patent 2022-082495 about prediction models for depression relapse, and intellectual properties for Kokoro-app (a smartphone CBT app) licensed to Mitsubishi-Tanabe. C.O. reports honoraria for lectures and/or scientific advice from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, Neuraxpharm, Oberberg Kliniken, Peak Profiling and Limes Klinikgruppe. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.