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Authors
Tong, Xiaoyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2113-5943
Zhao, Kanhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-0917
Fonzo, Gregory A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-1034
Xie, Hua https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-0147
Carlisle, Nancy B.
Keller, Corey J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0529-3490
Oathes, Desmond J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7346-2669
Sheline, Yvette https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6929-9659
Nemeroff, Charles B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-1160
Trivedi, Madhukar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2983-1110
Etkin, Amit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8259-3521
Zhang, Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4087-6544
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH129694)
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2024
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Competing interests
: G.A.F. received monetary compensation for consulting work for SynapseBio AI and owns equity in Alto Neuroscience. C.J.K. reports equity from Alto Neuroscience. C.B.N. is supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Texas Child Mental Health Consortium and the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. C.B.N. is a consultant for ANeuroTech, Abbott Laboratories, Engrail Therapeutics, Clexio Biosciences Ltd., Sero (previously Galen Mental Health LLC), Goodcap Pharmaceuticals, Sage Therapeutics, Senseye Inc., Precisement Health, Autobahn Therapeutics Inc., EMA Wellness, Denovo Biopharma LLC, Alvogen, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Reunion Neuroscience, Kivira Health, Inc., Wave Neuroscience, Patient Square Capital LP, Invisalert Solutions Inc. and Neurocrine Biosciences, LLC. C.B.N. owns the following patents: method and devices for transdermal delivery of lithium (US patent no. 6,375,990B1), method of assessing antidepressant drug therapy via transport inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitters by ex vivo assay (US patent no. 7,148,027B2) and compounds, compositions, methods of synthesis and methods of treatment (CRF receptor binding ligand) (US patent no. 8,551, 996 B2). C.B.N. owns stock in Corcept Therapeutics Company, EMA Wellness, Precisement Health, Relmada Therapeutics Inc., Signant Health, Galen Mental Health LLC, Kivira Health, Inc., Denovo Biopharma LLC and Senseye Inc. A.E. reports salary and equity from Alto Neuroscience and equity in Mindstrong Health. The other authors declare no competing interests.
