Richmond-Rakerd, Leah S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6695-1026
Milne, Barry J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-1201
Houts, Renate M.
Davie, Gabrielle
D’Souza, Stephanie
Goldman-Mellor, Sidra
Khalifeh, Lara
Caspi, Avshalom https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-4600
Moffitt, Terrie E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8589-6760
Torvik, Fartein Ask https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-5978
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG069939)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG032282)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30-AG034424)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG069939)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P30-AG034424)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (R01AG032282)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2C-HD065563)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2C-HD065563)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/X021149/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/X021149/1)
Norges Forskningsråd (262700)
Norges Forskningsråd (300668)
Article History
Received: 21 March 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.