Poore, Holly E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-6070
Chatzinakos, Chris
Leger, Brittany
Gonzalez, Jean
Mallard, Travis T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3001
Aliev, Fazil
Hatoum, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8002-7267
Waldman, Irwin D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-1837
Sanchez-Roige, Sandra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-5699
Palmer, Abraham A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-0747
Harden, K. Paige https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-6737
Dick, Danielle M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-893X
Barr, Peter B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9321-657X
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (T32AA028254)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA059657)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (DP1DA054394)
Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (28IR-0070C)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008666)
Article History
Received: 7 January 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Competing interests
: D.M.D. is a co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer for Thrive Genetics, Inc. She is on the Advisory Board for the Seek Women’s Health Company. She has received royalties from Penguin Random House for her book, The Child Code: Understanding Your Child’s Unique Nature for Happier, More Effective Parenting . The other authors declare no competing interests.